The time value of money, NPV and IRR, interest rates and the yield curve, and how a bond is priced and how far it moves when rates do.
Present and future value, compounding frequency, annuities and perpetuities, then NPV, IRR and its traps, and the MIRR that fixes some of them.
Nominal and real rates, how the policy rate links to market rates, spot and forward rates, what curve shapes signal, the term premium, credit spreads and why rates move every asset price.
Price a coupon bond, separate clean and dirty price, solve for yield to maturity, and measure rate risk with Macaulay and modified duration, DV01 and convexity.